James Stackpole, Jr.

Notes:

Tradition says that James was taken prisonner on the coast of Ireland when a boy only 14 years old and brought to this country. Stealing young people, transporting them to America and selling them into servitude was common at the time. Many from Ireland and Scotland were forcibly taken from their beds at night by men dressed as English soldiers and compelled to go on board a vessel bound for America. The persons who practiced such a crime were called "Spirits". A royal order was passed against them in 1682. Gov. Simon Bradstreet conjectured in 1680 that there were then living 60 such Irish immigrants and 120 Scots who had been sold as "servants".(1)

Where and how James Stackpole lived before the year 1680 is not known. In April of that year he is first mentioned in the "Cochecho Province Rate" as taxed two shillings and one penny.(2) In December of the same year he is incidentally mentioned as hauling boards from Thomas Holmes' mill at Salmon Falls to Cochecho Point. In 1681 he was taxed in Dover four shillings and one penny and the following year his tax was eight shillings and two pennies. It was in 1680 that he signed a petition with the inhabitants of Kittery to King Charles II asking for abatement of taxes thus indicating a previous residence in that town.(3) The inventory of the estate of John Bready of Kittery 9 Oct. 1681 included the following: "due from James Stagpoole 22S".(4).

In 1680 he settled as a squatter in Dover, that part which is now Rollinsford, NH on land that had been granted in 1656 to Joseph Austin. None of the Austin family every lived here. The next lot north had been granted to Henry Tibbetts at the same time. James cleared a portion of both lots and built his house on that of Austin. Perhaps he had been there earlier but, probably his residence had been in upper Kittery now South Berwick previous to that date. On 20 May 1710 he received a deed from Thomas Austin, only son of Joseph Austin, who conveyed to him "for twenty pounds of current money all that tract of land granted to said Joseph Austin in 1656... lying in ye range of lots between St. Alban's Cove and Quamphegan" bounded south-east by the Newichawannock River, north-east by Henry Tibbett's hundred acre lot, north-west by Ralph Twombly's hundred acres and Thomas Hanson's hundred acres and south-west by a highway between this lot and Thomas Kenne's (Canney) hundred acre lot. The lot purchased contained one hundred acres of rich land. That the priced paid was only a nominal one is shown by the fact that only four years later 30 Nov. 1714 he sold forty acres of upland from this lot to William Frost for L120.(5)

A brook flowed through his farm which is still called Stackpole's Brook as it was in the old deeds. The location of James Stackpole's house is shown in 1709 in the return of the Sligo road laid out that year. Thus we see that James had built a house just north of the creek called Stackpole's Brook some time before the took a deed of the farm from Austin. April 20th, 1743 Samuel Stacpole sold to his nephew Joshua Stackpole a small lot of land five rods by eleven on which stood the house in which James was living in 1709 just north of Stackpole Brook and including a part of the present highway. Just east of it was the Landing Place and a bridge over the brook for the repair of which the town paid in the year 1800 "for plank for Stacpole's Bridge $5.44."

On this small lot of land lived Joshua as a blacksmith. Here his widow Abigail was living in 1795. It seems that her youngest son Tobias inherited the property and he willed it to his son Ebenezer Stacpole in 1821. Jonathan Whitehouse who married Lucy Stacpole was then living in the house. Ebenezer lived here till about 1830 when he moved the house to St. Alban's Cove and the land was purchased from Tobias Stackpole by Samuel Hale on 10 Jan. 1831. The house was put in its new location in spite of the public protest of Mr. Roberts but, the location seems to be described in a deed from Daniel Goodwin to Aaron Stackpole 26 July 1765, 48 rods of land on the road from St. Alban's cove to Quamphegan, 17 rods from a stone near the brook that empties into the cove. The house is still in good condition and occupied. Originally the main entrance was in the middle of the southern side.(6)

About the time that the Indians came down on Salmon Falls in 1689 James moved to the other side of the river for protection and for several years kept an "ordinary" or tavern a few rods east of the old cemetery at Great Works on the spot where lived the Rev. John Wade and the Rev. Jeremiah Wise. The Court of Sessions at Yrok 4 July 1693 made the following record: "Lycence is granted to James Stagpole of barwick to sell by retaile beere, Cyder, rum, provision and lodging, he giving ten pounds bond to their Majesties to observe the laws in that case provided." The license was renewed annually up to 1698 and his place was called a "publick house of entertainment". A supply of ardent spirits at such places was the rule without exception. It is true that this as usual led to some disorders and James was complained of and once fined 20 shillings and admonished yet, his license was at the same time renewed. He bought the place where he lived in Berwick parish on 2 Nov. 1696 for £15 and sold it on 22 Nov. 1699 to John Wade, minister. At the later date he is called "James Stackpoll of Dover in New Hampshire, husbandman". The land was 3 1/4 acres, "near the meeting house" bounded on the southeast by the way going from the Great Works to the river, northwest by the burying place "with all the housing, trees, fences and Privileges pertaining thereto." The burying place still is used and is on the hill just south of the Great Works River.(7)

James Stacpole had grants of land in both Dover and Kittery. "April ye 11 1694. By the committee chosen by the freeholders of ye town of Dover for granting land, given and granted unto James Stagpole his heirs and assigns forever, fifty acres of land above Indigo Hill near Salmon Falls River, not intrenching upon any former grant." This grant was confirmed in town meeting five days later.(8)

The town records of Kittery declare that 16 July 1702 there were lotted and laid out to James Stagpole Senr 20 acres of land part of a grant made in 1694 to Gilbert Warren. Four acres of it were on the north side of the Great Works River, the rest on the south side extending to the York line, adjoining Warren's land. The land passed into possession of James Jr. and was bequeathed by him to his brother John. On 20 May 1728 John sold it to Gilbert Warren.(9) James Stagpole of Summersworth, yeoman sold to Thomas Wallingsford of Sommersworth, Gent. in May 1728 for £30 the 50 acres of land which had been granted to James Stagpole Jr. 10 May 1703 and which had been given to his father.(10)

On 23 Feb. 1726 James sold to Nathan Lord of Berwick "a certain grant of land containing fifty acres granted to me at a legal town meeting held at Kittery May the tenth 1703."(11)

A petition was dated 25 April 1715 by "The Inhabitanes that are Nerer ye New Meten house than ye old Cocheco Pint" asking to be assigned to the new place of worship which was at what is now Dover city. Among the petitioners were "Jeames Stagpool" and "fileon Stagpool". A footnote to the petition as given in the New Hampshire State Papers explains that the petitioners were "nearer ye new Meeting house at Cocheco than to the old on Dover Neck". The new church at Cocheco was erected in 1713 and the inhabitants of Sligo and vicinity were rated there, though it is certain that they often found it more convenient to ford the "Sluiceway" and attend church at the Great Works settlement.(12)

James and Philip signed a petition 25 April 1729 for a new parish in the north-east part of Dover. The petiton was granted and Somersworth was made a parish 19 Dec. 1730. Rev. James Pike was the first pastor of this church. He died here 19 March 1792 after a pastorage of 65 years. The church records were burned with the parsonage in 1812.(13)

In his old age James divided his homestead between his sons Philip and Samuel reserving a 3 acre lot of the southeast corner for himself. The deed to Philip was dated 17 Nov. 1732. It conveyed the northern part of his farm, 15 rods wide on the river and varying in breadth "to ye uppermost Corner or point of my land next to ye Meeting house... Excepting al ye old Apple trees yt I sot formerly which I do reserve dureing ye life of me & my wife for our own use." The lot contained 16 acres.(14)

On 20 April 1734 James, for "paternal love & affection", conveyed the southern part of his farm, 50 acres, to his son Samuel extending from the river towards the meeting house and bounded on the south by land of Thomas Hobbs with buildings thereon, "Excepting & Reserveing unto my Self out of ye premises ye House wherein I now live & ye land whereon it Stands & to extend from Ye House towards Capt. Wallingfords house by ye River & ye little field before my Dore adjoining to Thomas Hobbs land Being in al about two or three acres be it more or less & lying on ye South & South westerly side of ye Road yt leads from Thos Hobbss House to ye Gutter Behinde my own House", providing also that James and his wife Margaret should have half the produce of the land conveyed during their lives including "half of ye Syder yt may be made".(15)

James died in 1736 as shown by the inventory of his estate made by Nathaniel Perkins and Thomas Wallingford 12 Aug. 1736. Administration was granted to his son John of Biddeford 14 July 1737.(16)

In his old age James lived down by the river near the wading place which was at the head of Little Johns Falls opposite Chadbourne's mill. The spot is easily found by the bricks which the frost brings to the surface. It is probable that here he built a cabin before the year 1680 and that he returned to it in his declining years leaving the house north of the brook to his son Samuel. Five pounds was all the old shack was worth. His widow Margaret had the use of it till her death and then the house and three acres passed into the possession of Thomas Wallingford. The price paid for it was £120.(17)

The cemetery on the hill is the spot where rest four generations of the Stackpole family. There are good reasons for believing that the following persons were buried here: James and his wife Margaret (Warren), Samuel Stacpole who died in 1758, Philip Stacpole and wife Mercy (Thompson), Joshua Stacpole and wives Lucy (Baker) and Abigail (Hobbs), James Stacpole and wife Elizabeth (Pierce), Stephen Stacpole and first wife Esther (Warren), Philip Stacpole Jr. and wife Elizabeth (Tibbetts), and Anne (Grey) wife of William Stacpole.(18)

REFERENCES

History and Genealogy of the Stackpole Family- Everett S. Stackpole, p.55, p.57, pp.58-67; p.71.

Collection of the New Hampshire Historical Society- Vol. VIII, p.16; Vol. IV, p.511.

Mass. Archives- Vol.III, p.288.

York Deeds- Vol. V, pt I, fol. 14; Vol. 31, p.100.

New Hampshire Probate Records- Vol. 14, p.284.

Genealogical Dictionary of Maine & New Hampshire- p.654
N.E.H.G.R.- Vol. 19, pp.55-6.

Collection of the Maine Historical Society- Vol.IV, p.511.

James married Margaret WARREN. Margaret (daughter of James WARREN and Margaret) was born 1656, Kittery, York Co. ME; died 1749, Dover, Stafford Co. NH. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• Reference Number: 4571
• _UID: 981B5A04517B43A7A5447CC6D8B596D8ED14

Notes:

HIS BACKGROUND IN SCOTLAND

James was one of the (Scots) Royalist soldiers who was captured at the Battle of Dunbar, (near Berwick, Scotland) March 9 1650 during the English Civil War.

Having defeated the Royalists in England and beheaded the king in 1649, Oliver Cromwell proceeded to invade Scotland, the last kingdom remaining loyal to the Crown and, reaching Edinburgh after some skirmishes he marched his army to Dunbar, a town on the east coast of Scotland. General David Leslie in command of the Scottish troops had more troops than Cromwell, but his army was no longer formed of the battle-hardened veterans of the Thirty Years' War as many of them had perished during the Civil War and the 1648 invasion of England. Some had left active service or returned to Swedish or French service again.

James was part of this new army that had to be raised and trained by the remaining veterans. They were raw recruits unused to war in its technical aspects, and the Scottish general Leslie was reluctant to give open battle hoping to starve out Cromwell then hemmed in on the narrow peninsula of Dunbar. The Scots were well armed, but they were poorly trained compared with their English counterparts, all of whom had served with Oliver Cromwell for years.

Meanwhile the young King Charles II had arrived from Holland and joined this motley military organization to the great joy of the clansmen and made himself popular by sharing their rough camp life.

Leslie's army was routed and Cromwell's cavalry pursued the disorganized Covenanters with great slaughter. The only resistance to this onslaught was made by a regiment of Highlanders who fought with great desperation as they had learned from his conquest of Ireland the tales that Cromwell would put all men to the sword and thrust hot irons through women's breasts. Cromwell claimed that 3,000 Scots were killed and 10,000 were taken prisoner. On the other hand, Sir James Balfour, a senior officer with the Scottish army, noted in his journal that there were "8 or 900 killed," and the English Royalist leader, Sir Edward Walker put the number at 6,000 captured, of which 1,000 sick and wounded men were quickly released.

James was one of the the 5,000 able-bodied prisoners that marched down to Durham cathedral in order to prevent any attempt to rescue them. The conditions on the march were so appalling that as many as 2,000 died of starvation, illness or exhaustion during this eight-day, 118 mile forced march.

Many had not eaten for four days prior to the Battle of Dunbar and in Cromwell's letter of the 4th September, he wrote he had to dismiss prisoners because they were sick, injured or starving.

The remaining 3,000 survived the march and a diet of raw cabbage which killed with the "flux". The cathedral had been converted into a prison where these unfortunate Highlanders were destined to spend an indefinite period as captives of war.

Although the Cathedral offered a degree of shelter, the English failed to provide their prisoners with adequate food or fuel for heating. Records indicate that the Scots died at an average of 30 a day between 11th September and 31st October and it seems this reached over 100 a day with virtually no food, clean water or heat and the linked spread of disease and infection.

For a time, the prisoners kept warm by burning all of the woodwork in the Cathedral with the notable exception of Prior Castell's Clock in the South Transept. It is thought that they left the clock alone because it carries a thistle, the emblem of Scotland, on it.

Sir Arthur Haselrigge, Member of the English Parliament for Leicester, The military leader appointed by Cromwell to take charge of the prisoners, later claimed in a letter to the Parliament that adequate food, water, bedding and fuel for heating had been provided.

There is a possibility that the prisoners were experiencing what we now call "refeeding syndrome." This is a metabolic disturbances that occur as a result of reinstitution of food to patients who are starved or severely malnourished. Blood sugar and electrolytes are out of balance leading to heart rhythm irregularties, coma and convulsions and cardiac failure. This can happen to people who are anorexic and then begin eating.

If a person has not eaten for five days in these modern times, they are in danger from refeeding syndrome. If they haven't eaten for ten days, then they are in critical danger. That is with modern hospital care. This syndrome was documented on the Allied Prisoners of the Japanese. The Japanese managed to kill 40 percent of their prisoners over the course of three years.

Attempts were made to feed the prisoners, all of which were detrimental. Bread, Broth, meat were fed to people whose systems had shut down. It was only when they tried boiled milk with water, followed by the same with added beanflour that they began to save people. Even then, Heslerig reported that men who were seeming well were falling down dead. His letters make more sense if you add refeeding syndrome to it and if you look at what happened to the Japanese POW's and the concentration camp survivors.

There was an order in Cromwell's council passed to deliver 900 prisoners for transportation to Virginia and 150 for New England. Another 500 were forced the following spring to serve in the French army, and were still fighting seven years later against the Spanish, side by side with a contingent of English soldiers sent over by Cromwell.

By the end of October, the cold, malnutrition and disease had resulted in the deaths of another 1,600 of the Scottish soldiers, the Dunbar Martyrs. The bodies of many of those who had died were simply thrown into a mass grave in the form of a trench running northwards from the Cathedral. The location of their remains was then forgotten for almost three centuries until rediscovered by workmen in 1946.

TRANSPORTED TO NEW ENGLAND

Selected as "well and sound and free of wound," James Warren was one of the 150 men who were transported from London to Boston, on the Unity, in November, 1650. James was initially sold (going price was 15 -30 pounds per man) into a number of years of indentured servitude, possibly spending some time at Hammersmith working at the Lynn/Saugus Ironworks near Boston or more likely was sold and taken to Kittery, ME where men were needed for the Great Works sawmill.

The prisoners were distributed throughout numerous towns in Massachusetts and New Hampshire in a kind of modified slavery or compulsory service which was to terminate in seven years. John Cotton had his qualms about this camouflaged slavery. In a letter to Cromwell dated Boston 28 July 1651 he said: "The Scots whom God delivered into your hands at Dunbarre and whereof sundry were sent hither, we have been desirous (as we could) to make their yoke easy. Such as were sick of the scurvey or other diseases have not wanted Physick and chyrugery. They have not been sold for slaves to perpetual servitude. But for 6 or 7 or 8 yeares as we do our own."

LIFE AFTER SERVITUDE

In Newichawannock between Thompson's Brook (Shorey's) and the Great Works River James was granted land 15 Aug. 1656. He received 50 acres with 48 poles (660') fronting Cow Cove where the "Pied Cow" dropped anchor in 1634, now part of the South Berwick Vaughn Woods Memorial.

James was the Commissioner for Kittery 5 July 1664. He was on the grand jury 28 Dec. 1665 and also 12 June 1666. He was again on jury duty 19 Aug. 1668. In 1670 Margaret and other Scots were admonished for using profane language and in 1674 James was bound to good behavior and was disciplined for abetting Richard Gibson.

On 6 Oct. 1662 James bought of John Davis a parcel of land "near the bridge" granted by the town of York in 1652 containing about 40 acres, but it is doubtful that he occupied this purchase. He may have cultivated it and harvested whatever crops he planted. James retained this property for 40 years until it was bequeathed to his eldest son Gilbert.

He signed a Kittery petition as a selectman 13 Apr. 1697. He signed a Berwick petition again as a selectman 4 Sept. 1697 and another 20 May 1698 requesting £20 for the maintenance of the ministry: "whereas the circumstance of the parish of Barwick continues as bad as, or rather more grievous than hitherto by reason of the not ceasing of the wars & the extreme deadness in trading." They were granted £15 for the maintenance of the ministry for the year beginning Sept. 1698 on 2 Dec. 1698. James then signed a Berwick petition for a township as a Berwick selectman 26 July 1700.

From The Highlander Magazine, Nov/Dec 2004. "Scottish Slaves in Colonial America" Part II by Diane Rapaport, p. 17.

"After his servitude ended, James Warren married an Irish woman and settled near the Great Works sawmill in Kittery, Maine. His friends Daniel Ferguson, John Taylor, Peter Grant and other former war prisoners from the ship Unity acquired farms nearby. Not surprisingly this area became known as 'the Parrish of Unity' and later Berwick, reputedly in honor of Warren's Scottish birthplace.

Warren seems to have been a natural leader in the Scottish community serving as a constable and selectman, but his outspoken ways sometimes offended Puritan sensibilities. In 1669 the Court admonished Warren, his wife and other Scotsmen "for using profane speeches in their common talk." He was punished in 1674 for "abetting a friend who made insolent remarks to the local militia commander" and in 1685 for "Contempt of Authority and abuse of the Constable" when Warren resisted seizure of "a small beast" for delinquent taxes.

Near the end of Warren's life the Indian wars had reduced Berwick to a state of poverty. Attacks destroyed homes, barns and mills; corn crops failed; families crowded into garrisons and survived only by charity and determination. Still, Warren owned land and he dreamed of a better life for his children when he signed his will with a shaky mark, leaving "all my lands to my sons and their Heirs forever."

Kittery which was in southern York Co. of Massachusetts Province, now Maine, an area which quickly became known as "Little Scotland". Berwick Parish was named after the old country town of Berwick, reputedly in honor of the birthplace of James warren, and probably of some of his neighbors. Berwick, Scotland is not far from the site of the Battle of Dunbar.

In Kittery, ME there was a Unity Parish, named for or by the prisoners, who were sent there to work in the sawmills. About fifteen Scotchmen worked there and many were friends and neighbors; their children intermarrying. They are:

Niven Agnew; James Barry; Alexander Cooper; William Furbush; Daniel Ferguson; Peter Grant; George Gray; William Gowen; David Hamilton; Thomas Holme; John Key; Alexander Maxwell; John Neal; John Ross; John Taylor;
William Thomson; and JAMES WARREN


JAMES WARREN'S WILL

James' will is recorded in Berwick, Massachusetts Province, (now Berwick, York Co. Maine), proved December 24, 1702. In it he names heirs, sons Gilbert, and James and daughters, Margaret, GRIZEL, and granddaughter, Jane Grant and grandson James Stagpole, wife Margaret and son James, Jr., executors.

"In the name of god Amen: James Warren Snr of the parish of Barwick in the town of Kittrey... Do make & ordain this my last will & testement as foloweth being sick & week of bodey but in good & perfect memory Viz...

1- I do give unto my son Gilbert Warren all yt tract of land which I bought of John Davis living in ye town ship of York to him & to his haires forever

2- I do give unto my son James warren all my other Lands marshes medoes buldings of all sorts Liing in ye town shep of Kettrey or elce whare to him & his haires for ever

3- I do Give to my Daughter Margrat Stagpole five Shiling

4- I do Give to by Daughter Grizel five Shilings-

5- I do Give to my Granddaughter Jane Grant five Shilings

6- I do Give to my Grandson James Stacpole- one hefer & one Ewe & a young fold-

7- I do Give unto Margrat waren my loveing wife all ye rest of my of my Estate it being moveabels for her Comfertabel mantainance and no legusi before mentioned to be demanded til her decse

8- I do Constitute & Appoint My liveing wife Margrat & my son James Waren to bee Executrix and Executor to this my will & testement made this ninth day of December one thousand seven hundred as wittness my hand-

James X Waren

his mark-

witnesses
Robert: X : Gray
his mark
James: A : Stacpole
his mark
Nicolas Gowen
An Invatary of the Estate of James Warren Late of Kittrey


deceased

Imp: to his waring Cloathes...... 03-00-00
to two Cows & two Hiffers of three years......12-00-00
to fourteen Sheep........... 04-04-00
to Six Swine and Six piggs......05-08-00
to the Dwelling house and the barn: and ye home Lot of Land...........80-00-00
to hundred Acres of Land and ten Acres of Marsh Lying
at whits Marsh.... 40-00-00
to two barrels & one hogshead.......
to one half bushel.....00-01-00
to two Brast Chaines and Apees and one Cleaver.. 00-16-00
to tooles and old Iron......... 01-07-00
to Brass But Saw.....00-07-00
to one barrel Sider..00-10-00
to Indian Corn..... 02-05-00
to A grind Stone.....00-05-00
( ) from Richard ( ).... 05-10-00
to two ( ) and two pichfork tynes......00-03-00
to Linning yarn and wooling Cotton wool
and Sheep wool:..... 04-10-00
to beding: and one feather bed bolster and pillowes. 08-00-00
to four sheets:..... 03-00-00
to new Cloath: Linning and woling......... 02-10-00
to one brass Kittel.... 02-00-00
to Hachet..... 00-01-08
to forty Acres of Land by york bridg..... 30-00-00
to puter:.... 01-06-00
to Spoones: woodin Trayes A ( )........ 03-00
to one Iron Kittel one pott one fryen pan one skillet
one tramel A pare of pot Hoks...... 01-01-00
to one Hamer one trowel pare of fire tongs: and som old
Iron and A pare of pincers..... 00-06-00
to A Chamber pot and: eight pounds flax....00-05-06
to four bushels pase:six bushels barley and A Cooler 02-01-00
to A barel and: half of beef.....02-10-00
to A ( )....00-08-00
to money:....11-16-04
to one bushel mault: one bushel Sault.... 00-06-00
to two Chests... 00-04-00
Aprised December:ye:15:1702

his
Peter O Grant


mark

William Goodin"(12)


REFERENCES

History of York, Maine- Banks, Vol.I, pp.206-9.

York Co. Court Records- Vol.II, p.205; Vol.III, p.42,p.54; Vol.IV, p.61.

Genealogical Dictionary of Maine & New Hampshire- p.721
York Deeds- Vol.4, p.159.

Mass. Archives- Vol.3, pp.385-6; Vol.11, pp.125-125a, p.127a;
Vol.3, p.394a.

York Co. Probate- I, 85; II, 66.

History and Genealogy of the Stackpole Family- pp.61-2.

Adriel Warren of Berwick, ME: His Forebears and Descendants- Vanetta Hosford Warren, Boston, 1969.

Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society- Vol.LXI, pp.16-29.

James married Margaret Bef 1654, Kittery, York Co. ME. Margaret was born ca 1622, Ireland; died 1713, Kittery, York Co. ME. [Group Sheet]

Other Events:

• Reference Number: 4572
• _UID: 293A1548EB234AEAA40175BDFC7D63CB80F5

Notes:

"In The Name of God Amen. I Margret Warren of the town of Kittrey.... doe make this my Last will and testament in manner as followeth...

2ly I give and bequeath unto my Son Gilbird Warren one Cow and three Sheep.

3ly I give and bequeath to my daughter margret Stackpole my great Brass Kittle and two Blankits and one Coverlid and ten yeards of woling Cloath and my great wodden platter and one pare of Sheets and all my waring Cloathes

4ly I give and bequeath into my Son James Warren my feather bed and bolster and all the Rest of my Estat whatsoever abroad or at home without dores or within

5ly I doe ordain and Appoint my Son James Warren the hole and Soul Executor to this my Last will and testament revoaking and Renounsing all other will heretofore by me made

In witness hereof I set to my hand and Seal this thirteen day of december Anno Domni-one thousand seven hundred and twelve-

Signed Sealed and ( ) to be her Last will and testament

in the presence of
her
Margret X Warren
mark
his
Baker X Nason
mark
Joseph Wood
Thomas Curtis"(13)